What is REST? What is gRPC? Which one fares best in performance in gRPC vs REST? Why use gRPC over REST? What are the differences between gRPC vs REST? What is the performance benchmark when it comes to APIs? Which is faster between gRPC vs REST? Let’s find out answers to these questions and more.
While REST API has been the norm, things are changing up a bit in the tech world. The engineering team at Maruti Techlabs is always looking to improve existing processes. And for the same reason, we decided to do a deep dive into gRPC as the microservices communication framework.
If you’re trying to figure out the gRPC model or consider it an alternative to REST APIs for your project, we have prepared a complete guide to help you understand what gRPC is and how gRPC API compares with the traditional REST API architecture.
Before comparing gRPC vs REST, let us first understand the basics of APIs(Application programming interfaces). APIs are the set of rules and definitions that enable the applications to interact with each other. API defines the methods and types of calls and requests one application can make to another and formats those data and recommendations.
APIs support the “pluggability” of applications that create a more extensive system. They allow two applications to communicate even though they are written in different programming languages and running on other platforms.
Traditional monolithic applications consist of programming for all services and features within a single unit and an individual code base that manages all benefits of the application.
Hence, when the developer builds new services and features on top of the existing framework, it becomes difficult to effectively modify and scale the application. Therefore, changing one part of the application can majorly affect the other areas of the application.
The codebase eventually becomes interdependent and hard to understand after updating, scaling, and changing the application multiple times while working with the traditional system. Later, it becomes necessary to redesign the entire application from scratch, which is practically impossible.
Monolith to microservices migration helps overcome this limitation posed by traditional monolithic applications. The microservices architecture contains breaking of the monolith into its component services and enables them to run as autonomous applications. These components are called microservices which use APIs to interact with each other.
Because APIs are allowed to run microservices independently, all these microservices have different codes and run on different platforms to interact. Updating individual microservices is faster and more efficient because every independent microservice has less impact on the entire system.
Unlike monolithic architecture, working with microservice-based architecture is more accessible as it smoothes the scaling of the application by providing the resources to the microservice which requires it. Therefore, if the microservice fails, there are rare chances of the entire system failing.
Read here: How to Configure API Gateway in Microservices Architecture.
Let’s understand ‘what is REST API?’
REST(Representational State Transfer) API is one of the most popular architectures for building APIs, primarily web-based and microservices-based architecture. REST API enables the support of interoperability between internet-based applications and microservices.
Using REST API, you can perform the actions like GET, POST, PUT and DELETE on the data entities. Even though REST API uses various formats for receiving and returning messages, JSON is the most commonly used format. JSON is a human-readable format that is efficient, flexible, and platform agnostic. When REST API is available as web services, each service represents a resource to the client.
Therefore, the REST API is the most common architecture for building web applications which generally depends on the HTTP protocol for connecting the microservices. REST built a client-server architecture in which back-end data is available to clients through the JSON or XML format. APIs qualify as “RESTful” when it follows the below constraints:
Even though REST is used more widely, REST API is the least commonly used API model to design web applications. The prominent characteristic of this API is that the client has to construct the URLs using the parameters passed out by the server. This is how the browser works- it blindly follows the URLs it finds in the current page received from the server.
The parsing of the URLs done by the browser extracts the data required to send an HTTP request. Hence, if your API is REST, then your client never has to understand the format of the URLs. Popular API management tools for REST include – Postman, Amazon API Gateway, IBM API Connect, SAP Integration Suite, etc.
Unlike REST APIs, RPC(Remote Procedure Call) is a web architecture that allows you to call a function on the remote server in a defined format and receive a response in the same form. RPC architecture doesn’t consider the format of the server executing the request, whether a local server or a remote server.
However, the primary function of the RPC API is similar to the REST API. The RPC API defines the rules for interaction and methods that enable the interaction process. Later, the client uses the “argument” to call these methods. The arguments that invoke the procedures reside in the query string of URLs.
For better understanding, below is an example of how an RPC API request compares to a REST API request:
RPC: RPC API uses POST/deleteResource having the query string that displays {“id”:7}
REST: REST API will write the same request as DELETE/resource/2
Now, let’s understand ‘what is gRPC?’
gRPC(Google Remote Procedure Call) is an open-source architecture developed by Google that allows high-speed communication between microservices. It is built upon HTTP/2.0, allowing bi-directional interaction and enabling developers to integrate services programmed in different languages.
Even though the gRPC consists of HTTP/2.0, HTTP is not exposed to the API designer. gRPC uses the protocol buffers(Protobuf) messaging format, which provides a highly efficient and highly packed messaging format to serialize data.
Unlike REST, gRPC uses HTTP as a transport layer of the application. Therefore, it allows the developers to define any function calls rather than choose predefined options.
gRPC stubs and skeletons hide the HTTP from the client and server too. Hence, nobody has to worry about how the RPC maps to HTTP. The client uses a gRPC API by following the below steps:
The most prominent feature of the gRPC is that when you create a call to a remote system, the sender and receiver receive the local call rather than a remote call executed over the network. This process helps to avoid the coding complexity you would encounter if the application handles a remote call.
The simplicity of building complex remote calls has made gRPC more popular in the context of APIs in microservices and web applications that entail a vast number of remote calls. GUI tools for gRPC include – omgRPC, gRPCox, Wombat, Milkman.
gRPC is one of the many variants of RPC architecture created by Google for effective data transmission between microservices and other systems. gRPC APIs cover the limitations of the REST APIs in the following ways:
As studied earlier, REST API and RPC APIs commonly transfer the messages using the JSON or XML format. JSON is a flexible, efficient, platform-neutral, language-agnostic, and human-readable language. But the problem with the JSON is that it is not fast enough or lightweight in certain use cases while transmitting data between the systems.
However, gRPC helps overcome these speed and weight issues using protocol buffers(Protobuf) messaging format. Below are some of the details about Protobuf:
REST APIs are generally built on HTTP 1.1 using a request-response model of communication. That means when microservices receive multiple requests from multiple clients simultaneously, they get served, and hence the entire system slows down. Also, when multiple requests are received parallel, it isn’t easy to return the response to the client in the same order as the requests came in. This problem leads to waiting for the requests sent before they are complete, called head-of-line blocking. REST APIs can also use the HTTP 2 protocol, but it does not utilize HTTP 2 support for streaming and bidirectional communication.
On the other hand, gRPC uses HTTP 2 to support client-response communication and bidirectional communication. Clients can open the long-lived connections of RPC calls using HTTP 2 stream, also known as multiplexing.
While working with HTTP 2, microservices receive multiple client requests and achieve multiplexing by simultaneously serving various requests and responses using the data on a single TCP connection. Therefore, gRPC eliminates the limitations of REST APIs by their capacity to stream data constantly.
gRPC enables three types of streaming which are discussed in detail below:
While working with REST APIs, you must use third-party tools to auto-generate the code for API calls in various languages. Comparing REST vs gRPC, gRPC supports the inbuilt protoc compiler to support the code generation feature in architecture.
The protoc compiler in gRPC comes with a wide range of compatibility for various programming languages. Hence, it enables you to connect many different microservices coded in multiple languages and run on various platforms. Therefore, it is wise to use gRPC, which doesn’t depend on the external tool for code generation, unlike REST API, which uses third-party tools like Swagger for API calls.
According to Ruwan Fernando, gRPC API connections are considerably faster in comparison to REST API connections. The report suggests that “gRPC connections are seven times faster than REST connections for receiving the data and roughly ten times faster for sending the data for specific payload. Fast transmission happens because gRPC is a tight packing of Protobuf and makes wide use of HTTP 2.”
Even after efficient message transmission speed in gRPC, it is pretty slower to implement than REST API connections. According to Ruan Fernando’s report, it takes about 45 minutes to implement gRPC API services and only 10 minutes to implement REST API.
The additional time in implementing gRPC suggests the lack of default support for gRPC in third-party tools. Due to this reason, gRPC is not adopted widely compared to the ubiquity of REST APIs.
As studied earlier, REST API has very general specifications that you can access anywhere. Therefore, it makes the REST request calls more verbose than they need to be. It is especially true considering the conversion of language-based objects to JSON and vice versa.
Comparing both gRPC vs REST API, gRPC connection uses less code than REST connection. The REST request also adds much more complexity to the code, which adds 50% of the word count in the code.
Also, while using REST API, the client is not provided with native language objects, and hence they usually end up creating objects themselves. Unlike REST API, gRPC and protocol buffer provide language native objects to clients and deal with many errors when the compiler catches the API.
As JSON objects use the plaintext format, which you can create manually, it becomes easy for the developers to work with REST API. In this condition, if any error occurs, you can manually inspect the JSON objects in your code and figure out the problem. Also, you can add or remove the properties in the JSON objects yourself. Hence, working with REST API is particularly useful when you have never worked with any new API before.
Since the data in gRPC consists of binary format, it is much harder to directly identify the data passed over the wire using protocol buffers. However, the data transmitted over-represents the native language; you could use pre-existing language and debugging tools to see the objects’ state before responding.
It is helpful if you can see that data is being passed over the network using JSON objects. But at the same time, robust integration of protocol buffers enables you an easy way to figure out the request call.
gRPC expresses the benefits of RPC API’s long tradition in an interface description language(IDL) that includes Corba IDL, DCE IDL, and many more. It provides a simple way to define remote procedures compared to REST APIs, which uses URL paths, parameters, and HTTP methods used within them.
gRPC does not expose any HTTP 2 to the API user or API designer even after using it. It already decides how to layer the RPC model above the HTTP into the gRPC software and default generated code. Therefore, it becomes simpler for API designers and clients to work with the architecture and web services.
In contrast, OpenAPI requires special designers to specify how the RPC model resides above HTTP for their specific API. However, the OpenAPI approach enables the API client to use the standard HTTP tools and technologies, which for many API designers justifies the efforts.
You will always develop client-side programming libraries in various languages for programmers regardless of how your API uses HTTP. Later, these programming libraries will take the form of the procedures. Therefore, the most prominent characteristic of gRPC is that it is good at generating client-side programming libraries that are most likely to be used by the programmer and can execute efficiently.
Similarly, OpenAPI can also generate client-side programming libraries, but while working with gRPC, it is more straightforward and obvious than OpenAPI. It is probably because its IDL only has express RPC concepts and does not involve the simultaneous description of mapping those concepts to HTTP.
Studies show that gRPC APIs are simple to implement on the server side because of the libraries, frameworks, and code generation that gRPC provides. Compared to writing a standard HTTP request handle that can parse the income request calls of the client and call the appropriate function to implement them, it is easier to create a server implementation of the gRPC method instead.
Comparing REST vs gRPC, gRPC stands out well in terms of its performance. It uses a binary payload that is efficient enough to build, parse and manage the connections. Although you can use the binary loads and HTTP 2 directly without using gRPC, your client must master more technology to work with it.
Working with the OpenAPI and REST APIs requires the API providers and clients to figure out how to specify and understand which subset of the HTTP is supported by a particular API. gRPC avoids this problem by allowing the server and the client to adopt the software that helps to implement the complete gRPC protocol.
Every technology comes with limitations. The most important feature of HTTP APIs is that the client can use them, and the server implements them using general-purpose and easily available technologies. You can easily make API calls by typing the URL in the browser or firing commands in a bash script or terminal window. Therefore, programmers can easily access or implement the HTTP APIs by using a basic HTTP library.
In contrast, gRPC requires specific software on both the client and server side. gRPC generated code merged into client and server processes, eventually tricky for those working with dynamic programming like Python and JavaScript.
Moreover, the Google Cloud Endpoints enable gRPC APIs to be accessed through HTTP and JSON without any special software and restores many options for the clients. But note that not everyone can use the Cloud Endpoints or find or build an equivalent.
While working with REST API, you can write a bot that crawls the entirety without the metadata, just like a browser or a web bot crawls the entire HTML web page. This procedure cannot be followed while working with RPC-style API because RPC gives each entity type a different API that uses custom software or metadata.
OpenAPIs and HTTP APIs are often known for adding security features, performing input validation, and solving many other problems. These proxies typically include adding, removing, or parsing the headers and body. These proxies use a combination of custom headers to achieve the desired output, commonly using products like Apigee, which do not require any traditional programming skills or environment that can easily integrate gRPC. It is pretty tricky for gRPC to sort these proxies effectively.
gRPC does not define a mechanism for preventing data loss when two clients simultaneously try to update the same resource. Also, gRPC is unable to explain the mechanism for making partial updates. Whereas HTTP defines a PATCH method for partial updates, it does not determine what the patch looks like or how to implement it.
Additional read – Microservices Best Practices To Follow
You can use gRPC as a cross-language if you have written a web service in Golang, which makes it very scalable. gRPC uses a protocol buffer for data serialization, making the payloads faster, smaller, and more straightforward. Therefore, gRPC uses an HTTP 2 to support high-scale performance and uses binary data instead of text to make communication more compact and efficient.
Comparing REST vs gRPC, it is possible to turn off the message compression using the gRPC. You can also send an already compressed image instead of compressing it again, which takes up more time. gRPC is also type-safe. For instance, you cannot consider a banana if it is expecting an apple. Similarly, if the server expects an integer, gRPC won’t allow string because these two are different types.
If we talk about REST API, it is a cross-language that makes web services flexible and scalable. It is the most commonly used web service. Communication in REST often happens using JSON, which is a human-readable language. Therefore, it is easy for developers to determine if the client input is sent correctly to the server and back.
The most crucial advantage of REST API is that it does not need to set up a client. You just have to make calls to the server address, unlike gRPC, which requires the client setup.
REST API still holds importance when the payload is small, and several clients simultaneously make a server call. As a result, gRPC is a lot faster than REST API in most cases. When you create a web service that requires many client calls simultaneously and uses small payloads as input and output, REST might be the better choice.
If you are building an internal or external system exposed to the rest of the world, REST APIs have been the most preferred app integration choice for a long time. Also, REST API marks its importance when the system needs a high-speed iteration and standardization of HTTP connections.
Along with the universal support from third-party tools, REST APIs must be your first preference for app integration, microservice integration, and web development services.
Between gRPC vs REST, gRPC APIs are the most commonly used web service to build an internal system closed to external users. With unique features and characteristics, gRPC can be used in some of the following circumstances:
Regarding language support, JSON-backed REST API is a clear choice. At the same time, gRPC’s language support has improved drastically over the last few years and is potentially sufficient for most use cases.
Regarding performance comparisons, if HTTP 1.1 is eliminated from all the use cases, a significant difference is observed between gRPC and REST over HTTP 2. Developers need to write less code to perform the same function in gRPC than REST API. Therefore, gRPC is the correct choice when considering the request performance of the architecture as a key issue.
As a result, gRPC is a much better choice while working with internal service-to-service communication. Comparing gRPC vs REST, gRPC has efficient development speed, better performance, and sufficient language neutrality. gRPC impacts on reducing the latency for the customer and provides a better user experience enhancing your product. It lowers the processing time for request calls, which further helps decrease the system’s costs. gRPC improves the performance and efficiency of the developer as a company can afford it at lower prices to develop new features.
Therefore, we can conclude that building gRPC services is a better choice unless REST is needed to support external clients or language support for which gRPC is not built yet.
As studied earlier, the tests show that gRPC is often faster than REST for just a few milliseconds. Now you must think, “Why does this matter?”. Well, a millisecond is a very small unit indeed. Users won’t even realize if their class lasts 1ms longer than usual.
But when discussing a company, 1ms can make a big difference.
As you know, the server cannot process all the requests simultaneously because it has limited resources available. For instance, a server can process only ten requests simultaneously. In this scenario, the company can only answer ten calls simultaneously because it possesses limited phones or says a limited number of employees to answer the phone. Now, if the server gets 1000 requests and only ten are handled at any moment, the last request would have to wait a long time before it gets dealt with.
Now let us set a benchmark for this scenario. Let’s say you test 10,000 calls to a server that only handles ten requests simultaneously. Here, consider that every gRPC call takes 1ms, and a REST call takes 2ms. That creates a difference of 1 millisecond. At this point, what if your web service makes another request call to another server with the same limited resource before responding?
It will add another second. This adds time when more extensive data is sent to the web service, which eventually makes the difference even more significant in a specific duration.
A web page could use different web services that get constantly called. All these web services are available with various resources. Hence, when the webpage gets more traffic, it isn’t a matter of milliseconds. After all, the user experience gets affected when the load time of a webpage increases. Many companies solve this issue by purchasing another server.
But you can also fix this problem by analyzing how data transfers from one web service to another.
API is an entity-oriented style that standardizes your procedures’ names and imposes other naming conventions. Using cloud-native solutions, gRPC shines with products like cloud endpoints because it doesn't force your clients to accept gRPC technologies just because you adopted them. Also, when the API is internal, gRPC plays a prominent role by controlling the technology choices of all your clients and servers.
REST APIs are widely supported because every virtual microservices-based architecture entirely depends on them, acting as a glue. However, looking at all the features, gRPC APIs seem to be the “future.”
APIs enable faster innovation with evolving technologies, building better products and helping you stand out. Additionally, while implementing the API architecture, ensure it can handle end-to-end service migrations and development.
At Maruti Techlabs, we have successfully migrated functional applications from monolithic to microservices architecture. Our DevOps and cloud application development experts factor in the complexity of your application and plan the migration by doing a quick PoC.
Through our services, we have created robust applications that facilitate the deployment of new features, traffic routing, rollouts (without downtime), and selective scaling of software components.
If you want to modernize your application, simply email us at hello@marutitect.com, and we’ll take it from there.
On most occasions gRPC outperforms REST in terms of latency and throughput due to binary protocol and efficient serialization.
gRPC with its binary serialization and HTTP/2 support can significantly outperform REST in areas that require low latency, high throughput, real-time communication, or while handling complex data structures.
gRPC utilizes a binary format that is compact and efficient known as Protocol Buffers (protobuffs) to handly payloads. REST generally uses JSON or XML, that are text-based and less efficient for serialization and deserialization.
Yes, you can leverage the best of both gRPC and REST to suit your project’s requirements. This hybrid approach allows you to use gRPC for high-performance microservices, and REST for other areas.
REST is crafted on principles of CRUD operations and resource-oriented architecture that relies on standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and generally uses JSON or XML to exchange data.
On the other hand, gRPC is created using remote procedure call (RPC) framework that allows bi-directional streaming, and uses Protocol Buffers for efficient serialization, and HTTP/2 for transport.
REST APIs follow standard HTTP methods for implementation like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE and uses a resource-oriented approach where each endpoint represents a resource.
gRPC are implemented using protocol buffers and HTTP/2 for transport which leads to a bit complex but highly efficient implementations.
gRPC uses an efficient binary serialization format, protocol buffers, and HTTP/2 that allows multiplexing and compressing, reducing latency and increasing throughput, when compared to REST’s JSON/XML and HTTP/1.1 respectively.
